Water softener

It is a tank that the silica and ion exchange resins are inside of it. Two hard valves, one at the top and one at the bottom, can be accessed inside the water softener

Next to the water softener is a salt fount for the water softener recovery, which is connected to the main water softener by the brine path pipe. The main water softener valve is called Soloid Volvo valve, which is the biggest water softener valve and its job is to change the water path in the water softener pipes for different purposes

Notable point

In addition to Soloid Volvo valve, there are several smaller valves located in different parts of water softener. Such as: exhaust valve located at the top of the water softener. Inlet valve mounted on water softener inlet pipe.  The outlet valve located in the tube of the water softener outlet path. The sampling valve located before the outlet valve on the water softener exhaust outlet pipe

Other water softener valves include salt water valve in the brine path, drain valve in the backwash path, and drain valve in the drain path

?What is water softening

Water softening is actually due to the presence of divalent cations or more in the water. It should be noted that the most important divalent metals in water are Calcium and Magnesium. Iron, manganese and aluminum are also present in shallow water at very low concentration

:There are generally two types of hardness in water

Temporary water hardness

Permanent hardness of water

Temporary water hardness

The hardness of water is temporarily related to the presence of calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates. Because of this it builds up in the vicinity of heat gets out of the water. For example, sediments sticking to the Samovar wall are of this type of hardness

Permanent hardness of water

Water hardness is permanently related to sulfates, chlorides and nitrates of divalent cations and above.  As this type of hardness gets out of the water by heating it is called permanent hardness. Finally, the total hardness is called the sum of the temporary harnesses and permanent water hardness. Hardness unit is ppm or mg/L CaCO3

To reduce or even eliminate water hardness, water softener systems are used, often resin water softener. By using water softener can significantly reduce water hardness. It should be remembered that the degree of water hardness is a factor in determining the amount of water hardness and is usually equivalent to 1 mg of calcium carbonate in water

 

Water softener resin

Resin is a grain commonly coated with potassium and sodium, after which hard water passes through it, magnesium ion and calcium being replaced by hard water with potassium and sodium, which is resuspended after the resin is saturated with brine. Therefore, periodic backwashing is mandatory in all of water softener. These types of resins are available in three types of anion, cation resin and mix resin

Types of water softener salts

(Hard salt (tight

Solar salt

Evaporated salt

Hard salt

%Hard salt is an inorganic mineral that contains 98 to 99 % of sodium chloride. This type of salt in its water retention is about 0.5 to 1/5

Solar salt

Solar salt is a type of salt that is obtained by evaporation from the sun by sea water. This salt is made up of 85 % sodium chloride. This salt is sold as crystals

Evaporated salt

Evaporated salt obtained from deep down extraction by evaporating additives up to 99/6% sodium chloride

Types of Pars dama resin water softener

(Semi-automatic resin water softener (with Volvo solo valve or colony

This type of water softeners is made of steel sheets type (st37 or 17mn4), the inside is coated with epoxy with appropriate micron

(Automatic resin water softener (with automatic valve

FRP resin semi-automatic and automatic

 

Resin replacement time for water softener

Replacing the resin is adjacent to chlorinated municipal water. After almost 10 years, the resin breaks down and becomes very fragmented, limiting the water pressure inside the tank.  This is the time that you find out to need a new resin. In some systems these fragmented resin beads enter the water of the houses and cause clogged taps. Damage to the resin or entry into the superstructure of buildings and homes there are various reasons resin damage and malfunction, as well as problems with the bottom distributor. If the resin is damaged during the work interval it can be resolved by changing the resin, but if damaged, it should be inspected and repaired or replaced if necessary. (bottom distributor, it is a plate that is placed under the outlet of the silica layer and is made of brass nozzles that pass through the water to guide the outlet, injection passes through the layer to the system

The second is when the resins are contaminated by the growth of algae inside the tank. This is usually visible and occurs in the tank that are installed outside

notable point

When there is a significant amount of sand inside the tank. Sometimes this is due to the presence of well water, which is why it is always recommended to have a detergent filter before the water enters the water softener. The sand in the resin bed will cause you to have poor water pressure. The only solution to this problem is to remove the resin and sand into the tank. Sand separates the old resin much easier for you

When a resin tank is useless for months and years, or when the odor of the resin is detected, it is time to replace the resin. You can clean the resins with weak chlorine solution but you have to remove the resins and clean the tank with strong chlorine solution and then use new resins

Resins that are destroyed by iron or organic matter can be cleaned by adding high dose resign detergent (such as Res Up and Iron Out and acid citric or whitener). but always, replacement is the best way

Types of ion exchange resins

Weak cationic resins

Strong cationic resins

Weak anionic resins

Strong anionic resins

Weak cationic resins

This type of resin has higher efficiency and therefore less effluent, but the most important drawback of cationic resin is the lack of absorption of all metals in water. For this reason, it is not used in domestic engine room

Strong cationic resins

This resin unlike weak calcium and magnesium cationic resins and other metals in water, is used in most water softeners on the market

Water softener anionic resins

Water softener anionic resins are also two types: weak and strong. Which is used fir absorption of sulfuric acid and nitric

Water softener usage

Eliminate excessive hardness of drinking water

Eliminate inlet water hardness to boiler

Eliminate hardness of cooling tower watering

Engine room water softener

One of the main tasks of the engine room is to produce hot water for units. In places where there is hot water there is also talk of sedimentation. Hard water containing hard factors must pass through the resin water softener column and then be directed to the boilers. At present, in all of the world the water softener in used in engine room. In some cases, a water softener resin or an electromagnetic water softener may be used

Residential buildings and houses water softener

The presence of hard water has damages to the human body that everybody knows this. Soft water produced from water softener units for drinking purposes also has its disadvantages. Because a certain amount of calcium and magnesium is compulsory for the human body or growing children. Resin water softener are the most commonly used equipment in the world

Important points in the operation of resin water softeners

Water hardness of resin water softener should always be controlled by sampling valve with hardness tester kit. As soon as the hardness of the water exceeds the permissible limit, you should proceed with resin resuscitation

When resin resuscitation, make sure that the pressure inside the water softener tank is between 1.7 to 3.5 bar. If the pressure inside the tank is low the brine suction will be disturbed and the high pressure valve parts may be damaged

It is advisable to use a pressure-relief valve at pressures above 4.5 bar before the intake valve inlet, or at least when changing the position of the manifold valve, closing the inlet valve to prevent sudden pressure from the intake valve

Be sure to use high- purity crystallized salt. Because if you use salt or ordinary salt rock, the salt life of the resin will be greatly reduced and the resin will not be fully restored due to the impurities in the salt

notable point

The amount of brine in the factory is pre-set. If needed, it is possible to re-adjust the brine suction behind the multi-way valve next to the brine pipe. The suction rate should be such that the brine is re-suspended at density of about10%. The decrease in brine suction can be due to the decrease in pressure within the water softener. It also needs to be controlled for something that will not clog the brine water softener pathway

The use of muddy waters with suspended substances as well as those containing iron, manganese, copper and other heavy metals make the resin water softener to wear quickly and reduce the disinfection of the water softener. Therefore, it is recommended ton remove suspended matter from the water before filtering into the water softener.

When moving the multi-valve handle, gently put it toward the desired position as it may damage the internal parts of the valve by releasing it suddenly

It is recommended that the greasing operation of the multi-valve lubricant be performed once a year without opening the valve from the gap between the cap and the valve body

It is essential to prevent freeze resin and water in the water softener. Freezing causes the resin to disappear

Pars dama resin

The resin used in Pars dama is a Prolate cations resin

:Types of valves mounted on mechanical resin water softener

Automatic valves

Semi-automatic and manual

Performance of Pars dama duplex resin water softener

Duplex water softener, is the water softener with two tanks, one of which is used as a backup when the system needs to be reserved

The way they work is that during resuscitation one of the orbits is removed and the other is placed in the orbit for water softening

This ensures that the water softener system never gets out of orbit

It is used at times where the continuously presence of water softener is more important

It cannot be removed from the circuit during resuscitation or repair

:Important parameters in choosing the right water softener include

How to choose resins water softener

Inlet water hardness on ppm

Inlet water discharge to water softener

Type and capacity of resin

The cycle of recovery and washing

It should be considered that resin volume, water softener dimensions (such as diameter and height) and body material are the main characteristics of a water softener

Manufactures usually provide general specifications such as service

 

Physical and chemical properties of ion exchange resins

Liquid resins are usually manufactured is spherical beads with a diameter of between 0.3 to 2.5 mm. powder resins are also available for special uses. Polymeric granules are physically very stable and can be used in a variety of column and reactors. Sulfonic acid resins are heat resident up to 120 c ⁰ and some special grades up to 170 c ⁰ are heat resistant. Ion- exchange resins develop swelling or swelling as they transition from one ionic state to another. Ion-exchange and chelating resins are stable over a wide range of phs. They are almost the most stable inorganic or organic chemicals except for strong oxidants such as dissolved chlorine, ozone or peroxide

FRP water softener

The FRP water softener mechanism is similar to the resin water softener. Only FRP tanks are used instead of metal tanks. This type of water softener is used for sanitary purposes. Its advantages include light weight tanker, higher hygiene than metal tank and cheaper tank than metal type

The disadvantages of FRP can be the short life of the tank, the fragility of the tank and the inability to maintain open space. Also, FRP water softener cannot be used in high volumes of resin because the cost of high volume FRP tanks is higher than that of metal tanks. Today, the use of metal tanks (iron sheets) and metal taps (cast iron) have been replaced for outdated water treatment and FRP plastic containers because in water treatment systems, the goal is to reduce ions in water while using metal. It causes ion exchange between metal and water and ultimately disrupts water quality

Calculate resin water softener

There are various factors to calculate the water softener capacity of the resin and its efficiency. factors like solid adsorbent surface area, contact t time for resuscitation, exchange material, water quality, resuscitation rate will be effective. Generally, the capacity of ion-exchange materials is in the range of 2-15 meq/g to about 10-153 kg/m. their resuscitation is carried out with the aid of 60-180 kg of sodium chloride per cubic meter of resin in a solution of 5 to 20 % and the flow of 402m 1/min-